The Nubian kings not only adopted Egyptian titles but also Egyptian writing and Egyptian pyramids. The Nubian kings ruled Egypt as pharaohs, establishing what is sometimes called the "25th dynasty" of Egypt. Napata's territory expanded, and during the reign of King Piye (reign ca 743–712 B.C.), it expanded north of the first cataract, conquering Egypt itself. A kingdom based at a city called Napata, located near the fourth cataract of the Nile River, grew increasingly powerful. A number of factors, including attacks by a group that archaeologists sometimes call the "Sea People," played a role in this decline and government fragmentation.Īs Egypt's power waned, the Nubians began to re-assert their independence. Independence and rule of EgyptĮgyptian power declined around 3,000 years ago with its central government falling apart. "Ramesses, beloved of Amun-Ra and Ra-Horakhty, born of the gods, who founded the Two Lands," reads one scarab in translation. The team found that some of the people at Amara West were buried with scarabs that have the name of Egyptian pharaohs inscribed on them.
One of these towns is now an archaeological site called " Amara West" and is being excavated by a British Museum team. The pharaohs of Egypt sent governors to administer Nubia and used a series of towns as hubs to control it. They launched a series of military campaigns that destroyed Kerma and led to the occupation of Nubia. Egyptian occupationĪround 3,500 years ago, Egypt grew increasingly powerful and envious of Kerma's resources.
The exact amount of territory that Kerma controlled is uncertain, but it appears to have encompassed part of what is now Sudan and southern Egypt. Their discoveries reveal that the city was a center for trade with gold, ivory and cattle among other commodities being traded by Kerma's inhabitants. The team has discovered the remains of temples, cemeteries and a city wall with bastions. Kerma has been excavated by a Swiss team for more than 30 years. The people who lived at Kerma did not use a writing system however, the ancient Egyptians referred to the area that they controlled as "Kush." Around 4,500 years ago a large settlement grew at the site of Kerma, just north of the third cataract of the Nile River (the cataracts are shallow areas containing natural obstacles that make travelling by boat difficult).
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